VI. 요약 및 통찰
A. 핵심 질문 답변: "장내 미생물의 균형이 무너지면 인간은 어떻게 병에 걸리는가?"
장내 미생물 균형의 붕괴(디스바이오시스)는 숙주 건강 유지에 필수적인 미생물 군집의 유익한 기능(영양소 대사, 면역 조절, 장벽 유지 등)을 손상시키고, 동시에 염증 유발, 병원성 공생균 증식, 유해 대사산물 생성과 같은 해로운 요인을 증가시켜 장벽 기능 손상과 만성 염증을 유발하며, 이는 결국 국소적(장 질환) 및 전신적(대사, 면역, 신경, 심혈관 질환, 암 등) 만성 질환 발병으로 이어진다.
구체적으로, 디스바이오시스는 다음과 같은 다면적인 과정을 통해 질병을 유발한다:
- 유익 기능 상실: SCFA(특히 부티르산) 생산 감소는 장 상피 세포의 에너지 공급 부족, 장벽 약화, 항염증 및 면역 조절 능력 저하를 초래한다. 비타민 합성 능력 저하 등 다른 유익한 대사 기능도 손상될 수 있다.
- 유해 요인 증가: 병원성 공생균이나 염증 유발균이 과도하게 증식하여 독소나 염증 유발 물질을 생산한다.44 또한, TMAO, 황화수소, 2차 담즙산과 같은 유해 대사산물 생성이 증가하여 전신 건강에 악영향을 미친다.
- 장벽 기능 손상 ("새는 장"): 디스바이오시스와 염증은 장 상피 세포 간의 치밀 결합을 약화시키고 점액층을 파괴하여 장 투과성을 증가시킨다.
- 만성 염증 유발 및 지속: 손상된 장벽을 통해 LPS와 같은 미생물 유래 염증 유발 물질이 전신 순환계로 유입되어 만성적인 저등급 염증 또는 국소적인 과도한 염증 반응을 유발하고 지속시킨다.
- 전신 질환으로의 파급: 이러한 만성 염증과 대사 이상은 인슐린 저항성(T2D, 비만), 면역 조절 장애(IBD, 자가면역질환), 신경 염증 및 신경전달물질 불균형(우울증, 불안), 혈관 기능 장애 및 죽상동맥경화증(CVD), 발암 과정 촉진(CRC) 등 다양한 전신 질환의 발병 및 악화로 이어진다.
결론적으로, 장내 미생물 균형 붕괴는 단순히 장 문제에 국한되지 않고, 장벽 손상과 만성 염증이라는 핵심 기전을 통해 숙주의 전신 생리 시스템을 교란시켜 광범위한 만성 질환의 근본적인 원인 또는 중요한 악화 요인으로 작용한다.
B. 건강한 장 환경 유지를 위한 실용적인 생활 습관 제안
장내 미생물총의 건강은 생활 습관, 특히 식단과 밀접하게 연관되어 있으므로, 다음과 같은 실천을 통해 건강한 장 환경을 유지하고 관련 질환 위험을 줄이는 데 도움을 받을 수 있다.
- 식단의 다양성 확보: 다양한 종류의 채소, 과일, 통곡물, 콩류, 견과류 등 식물성 식품을 풍부하게 섭취하여 미생물 다양성을 높인다. 목표는 주당 30가지 이상의 다양한 식물성 식품을 섭취하는 것이다.
- 식이섬유 섭취 늘리기: 장내 유익균의 주요 먹이인 식이섬유(프리바이오틱스) 섭취를 늘려 SCFA 생산을 촉진한다. 통곡물, 콩류, 채소, 과일 등에 풍부하다.
- 발효 식품 활용: 프로바이오틱스나 유익한 대사산물을 함유한 요구르트, 김치, 케피어, 된장 등 발효 식품을 적절히 섭취한다.
- 가공식품, 붉은 육류, 정제당 섭취 줄이기: 디스바이오시스 및 염증과 관련된 가공식품, 과도한 붉은 육류, 설탕 및 정제 탄수화물 섭취를 제한한다.
- 항생제 신중 사용: 항생제는 장내 미생물 생태계를 크게 교란시키므로, 반드시 필요한 경우에만 의사의 처방에 따라 사용하고 오남용을 피한다.
- 스트레스 관리: 만성 스트레스는 장-뇌 축을 통해 미생물총에 부정적인 영향을 줄 수 있으므로, 규칙적인 운동, 충분한 수면, 명상, 취미 활동 등을 통해 스트레스를 효과적으로 관리한다.
- 적절한 신체 활동: 규칙적인 운동은 장내 미생물 다양성 증가 및 건강 개선과 관련될 수 있다.
C. 현재 연구의 한계점 및 향후 연구 방향 (Research Gap)
마이크로바이옴 연구는 눈부신 발전을 이루었지만, 여전히 해결해야 할 과제와 연구 공백이 존재한다.
- 인과 관계 규명: 많은 연구가 연관성(correlation)을 보여주지만, 디스바이오시스가 질병의 원인인지 결과인지, 또는 복잡한 상호작용의 일부인지 명확히 밝히는 인과 관계(causality) 규명 연구가 더 필요하다.
- 종단 연구 부족: 대부분의 연구가 특정 시점의 스냅샷(cross-sectional) 형태이다. 질병 발병 전후의 미생물총 변화와 숙주-미생물 상호작용의 동적인 과정을 이해하기 위해서는 장기간에 걸친 종단 연구(longitudinal studies)가 필수적이다 (iHMP가 이러한 방향을 제시함).
- 기능적 메커니즘 이해 심화: 특정 미생물이나 대사산물이 숙주 생리에 영향을 미치는 구체적인 분자 기전(molecular mechanisms)에 대한 이해가 아직 부족하다. 기능 유전체학, 대사체학, 단백체학 등 다중 오믹스 접근을 통한 심층적인 기능 분석이 요구된다.
- 표준화 부재: 샘플 수집, 보관, DNA 추출, 시퀀싱, 데이터 분석 등 연구 방법론의 표준화가 미흡하여 연구 간 결과 비교 및 재현성 확보에 어려움이 있다.국제적인 표준화 노력이 필요하다.
- 숙주-미생물 상호작용의 복잡성: 숙주 유전, 면역 상태, 식단, 약물, 환경 등 다양한 요인이 미생물총과 복잡하게 상호작용하므로, 이러한 상호작용을 통합적으로 이해하는 시스템 생물학적 접근이 필요하다.
- 비세균 미생물 연구 부족: 연구 대부분이 세균에 집중되어 있어, 진균(마이코바이옴, mycobiome), 바이러스(바이롬, virome), 고세균 등 다른 미생물 구성원의 역할과 상호작용에 대한 연구는 상대적으로 부족하다.
- 개인 간 변동성 극복: 높은 개인 간 변동성을 고려하여, 보편적인 바이오마커나 치료법 개발을 위한 대규모 코호트 연구와 정교한 분석 전략이 요구된다.
D. 개인 맞춤형 헬스케어와 마이크로바이옴 연구의 미래 전망
마이크로바이옴 연구는 개인 맞춤형 헬스케어 시대를 여는 핵심 동력이 될 잠재력을 가지고 있다.
- 정밀 진단 및 예측: 개인의 마이크로바이옴 프로파일은 질병 위험을 예측하고, 질병의 아형(subtype)을 분류하며, 특정 치료법에 대한 반응성을 예측하는 정밀 진단 도구로 활용될 수 있다.
- 표적 치료법 개발: 디스바이오시스와 관련된 특정 미생물, 대사 경로, 또는 기능적 결핍을 표적으로 하는 새로운 치료법 개발이 가능하다. 이는 개인 맞춤형 프로바이오틱스, 프리바이오틱스, 특정 기능을 수행하도록 설계된 합성 미생물 컨소시엄, 차세대 프로바이오틱스(NGP), 포스트바이오틱스 등의 형태로 나타날 수 있다.
- 예방적 건강 관리: 마이크로바이옴 정보를 활용하여 개인에게 최적화된 식단 및 생활 습관 가이드라인을 제공함으로써 질병 발생을 사전에 예방하는 데 기여할 수 있다.
- 다중 오믹스 통합: 유전체학, 전사체학, 단백체학, 대사체학 등 다양한 오믹스 데이터를 마이크로바이옴 데이터와 통합 분석하여 숙주-미생물 상호작용에 대한 시스템 수준의 이해를 높이고, 보다 정교한 예측 모델과 치료 전략을 개발할 수 있다.
- 기술 발전의 역할: 시퀀싱 기술, 배양 기술(혐기성 NGP 배양 등), 생물정보학, 인공지능(AI) 기술의 발전은 방대한 마이크로바이옴 데이터를 분석하고 의미 있는 패턴을 발견하며, 새로운 치료 후보를 발굴하는 데 핵심적인 역할을 할 것이다.
- 윤리적 및 사회적 고려: 마이크로바이옴 정보의 프라이버시, 데이터 소유권, 접근성, 상업화 관련 윤리적, 법적, 사회적 문제(ELSI)에 대한 지속적인 논의와 가이드라인 마련이 중요하다.
결론적으로, 장내 마이크로바이옴 연구는 인간 건강과 질병에 대한 우리의 이해를 근본적으로 변화시키고 있다. 현재의 연구 공백을 극복하고 기술 발전을 활용한다면, 마이크로바이옴은 미래 개인 맞춤형 헬스케어의 핵심 요소로서 질병의 예방, 진단, 치료에 혁신적인 기여를 할 것으로 기대된다. 장내 미생물 균형을 회복하고 유지하는 것은 단순히 소화 건강을 넘어 전신 건강과 웰빙을 증진하는 중요한 전략이 될 것이다.
마이크로 바이옴 첫번째 글
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Gut microbiota and therapy for obesity and type 2 diabetes - Frontiers, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2024.1333778/full
Alteration of Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Cause or Consequence? IBD Treatment Targeting the Gut Microbiome - PMC - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6789542/
The intestinal microbiome, barrier function, and immune system in inflammatory bowel disease: a tripartite pathophysiological circuit with implications for new therapeutic directions - PMC - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4913337/
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A Comprehensive Review of the Triangular Relationship among Diet–Gut Microbiota–Inflammation - MDPI, https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/17/9366
The Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Diseases: The Role of Macrophages - Frontiers, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01065/full
Exploring the Gut Microbiota: Key Insights Into Its Role in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11479700/
Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches of diabetes - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10570704/
Recent insights of obesity-induced gut and adipose tissue dysbiosis in type 2 diabetes, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10575740/
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The Gut Microbiome and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10012812/
Gut microbiota and IBD: causation or correlation? - PMC - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5880536/
Current insights on the roles of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease-associated extra-intestinal manifestations: pathophysiology and therapeutic targets, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10572083/
The Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Frontiers, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.733992/full
The Role of Gut Microbiota in Anxiety, Depression, and Other Mental Disorders as Well as the Protective Effects of Dietary Components - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10384867/
The power of microbes: the key role of gut microbiota in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer - Frontiers, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1563886/full
Colorectal carcinogenesis: an archetype of gut microbiota–host interaction - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6145524/
Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer: Biological Role and ..., https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9913759/
Colon Carcinogenesis: The Interplay Between Diet and Gut Microbiota - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7753026/
Linking Gut Microbiota to Colorectal Cancer - PMC - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5687151/
The effects of prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotic supplementation on overweight/obesity indicators: an umbrella review of the trials' meta-analyses - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10987746/
Fecal microbiota transplantation for patients with ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12006273/
Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7257434/
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: An Update on Clinical Practice - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6453848/
Fecal microbiota transplantation across the lifespan: balancing efficacy, safety, and innovation - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9992015/
Evolutionary Insights Into Microbiota Transplantation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Frontiers, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.916543/pdf
Understanding the Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Mental Health ..., https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11865252/
Gut microbiota, inflammation and colorectal cancer - PMC - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5221561/
Regulation of inflammation by microbiota interactions with the host ..., https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5800875/
Gut Microbiota in Anxiety and Depression: Unveiling the Relationships and Management Options - PMC - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10146621/
The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Depression: The Potential Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Microbiota Combined Antidepression Effect - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9144102/
Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease - PMC - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7416843/
Relationship between trimethylamine N-oxide and the risk of hypertension in patients with cardiovascular disease, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10766215/
Gut microbiota in health and disease: advances and future prospects - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11577303/
Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights, https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/5/1020
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Impact of the gut microbiome composition on social decision-making - Oxford Academic, https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/3/5/pgae166/7667795
The Most Promising Next-Generation Probiotic Candidates—Impact on Human Health and Potential Application in Food Technology - MDPI, https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/10/9/444
Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5847071/
Review of the Relationships Between Human Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Obesity - MDPI, https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/23/3996
Dietary effects on human gut microbiome diversity | British Journal of Nutrition, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/dietary-effects-on-human-gut-microbiome-diversity/E9B592DB4E5C570C6D5142B99CE74D3E
Outlook on next-generation probiotics from the human gut - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11073307/
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The Gut Microbiome: A Key Player in Immune System Regulation and Disease Prevention, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/386159748_The_Gut_Microbiome_A_Key_Player_in_Immune_System_Regulation_and_Disease_Prevention/download
The Gut–Brain Axis and the Microbiome: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications - PMC - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6999848/
The Gut-Brain Axis: Exploring the Bidirectional Communication Between the Gut Microbiome and the Brain - Journal of Forensic Science and Research, https://www.forensicscijournal.com/articles/jfsr-aid1064.php
Intestinal microbiota, chronic inflammation, and colorectal cancer - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6077304/
Next-Generation Probiotics: Promising Therapeutic Candidates for Metabolic and Gastrointestinal Disorders - Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, https://www.ijpsonline.com/articles/nextgeneration-probiotics-promising-therapeutic-candidates-for-metabolic-and-gastrointestinal-disorders.pdf
Postbiotics: Current Trends in Food and Pharmaceutical Industry - PMC - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9564201/
Postbiotics and Their Health Modulatory Biomolecules - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9688025/
Postbiotic Impact on Host Metabolism and Immunity Provides Therapeutic Potential in Metabolic Disease | Endocrine Reviews | Oxford Academic, https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/46/1/60/7749916
A Critical Analysis of Postbiotics: Exploring their Potential Impact on the Health and Food Industries, https://microbiologyjournal.org/a-critical-analysis-of-postbiotics-exploring-their-potential-impact-on-the-health-and-food-industries/
Effects of Gut Microbes on Nutrient Absorption and Energy Regulation - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3601187/
Gut microbiota and diabetes: from pathogenesis to therapeutic perspective - PMC - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3224226/
The Interplay between the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System in the Context of Infectious Diseases throughout Life and the Role of Nutrition in Optimizing Treatment Strategies, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8001875/
Gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease: The current status and perspectives - PMC - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7812881/
The future of clinical trials of gut microbiome therapeutics in cirrhosis - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11663965/
Next-generation probiotics – do they open new therapeutic strategies for cancer patients?, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19490976.2022.2035659
Next-generation probiotics: the upcoming biotherapeutics - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11018693/
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The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Neurological Disorders: A Comprehensive Review, https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/10/1234
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The Gut-Brain Axis: The Missing Link in Depression - PMC - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4662178/
The Gut-Brain Axis: Influence of Microbiota on Mood and Mental Health - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6469458/
Championing Open Science with the “World's Largest Citizen Microbiome Project”, https://biology.ucdavis.edu/news/open-science-championed-worlds-largest-citizen-microbiome-project
American Gut Project Publishes First Major Results - BioTechniques, https://www.biotechniques.com/microbiology/american-gut-project-publishes-first-major-results/
Big data from world's largest citizen science microbiome project serves food for thought, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180515092931.htm
The Role of Diet and Gut Microbiota in Regulating Gastrointestinal and Inflammatory Disease - Frontiers, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.866059/full
Global research trends on the links between the gut microbiota and diabetes between 2001 and 2021: A bibliometrics and visualized study - Frontiers, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1011050/full
Next-Generation Probiotics and Chronic Diseases: A Review of Current Research and Future Directions - ACS Publications, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c08702
The Role of Next-Generation Probiotics in Obesity and Obesity-Associated Disorders: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives - MDPI, https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6755
Human Microbiome Project (HMP) - NIH Common Fund, https://commonfund.nih.gov/human-microbiome-project-hmp/science-highlights
Human Microbiome Project (HMP) - NIH Common Fund, https://commonfund.nih.gov/human-microbiome-project-hmp
The Efficacy of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis - PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38999862/
Clinical trials targeting the gut-microbiome to effect ocular health: a systematic review - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10516887/
Unlocking the diagnostic and therapeutic potential roles of gut microbiome: takeaways from the 2024 GMFH Summit, https://www.gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com/unlocking-the-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-potential-roles-of-gut-microbiome-takeaways-from-the-2024-gmfh-summit/
The Effect of Prebiotics and Probiotics on Levels of Depression, Anxiety, and Cognitive Function: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials - PMC - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11879892/
Gut Microbiota-Derived TMAO: A Causal Factor Promoting Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease? - PMC - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9916030/
Gut Microbiota Metabolites and Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Disease Events and Death: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Studies - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5586261/
The association between the gut microbiota metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and heart failure - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11464299/
Intestinal Microbiota‐Generated Metabolite Trimethylamine‐N‐Oxide and 5‐Year Mortality Risk in Stable Coronary Artery Disease - PubMed Central, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4937244/
HMP1 - NIH Human Microbiome Project, https://hmpdacc.org/hmp/
American Gut Project explores our bodies' microbiomes - Michigan Public, https://www.michiganpublic.org/environment-science/2018-05-22/american-gut-project-explores-our-bodies-microbiomes
American Gut: an Open Platform for Citizen-Science Microbiome Research - bioRxiv, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277970v1.full-text
DSE Capstone Report - American Gut Project - UCSD Libraries, https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb2666864s/_4_1.pdf
Exploring the gut microbiota: lifestyle choices, disease associations, and personal genomics - Frontiers, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1225120/full
Personalized Diets based on the Gut Microbiome as a Target for Health Maintenance: from Current Evidence to Future Possibilities - Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, https://www.jmb.or.kr/journal/view.html?doi=10.4014/jmb.2209.09050
Targeting the gut microbiota: a new strategy for colorectal cancer treatment - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11460241/
A Comprehensive Overview of Postbiotics with a Special Focus on Discovery Techniques and Clinical Applications - MDPI, https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/18/2937
The Human Microbiome: A Global Overview of Clinical Trials Activity, https://www.microbiometimes.com/the-human-microbiome-a-global-overview-of-clinical-trials-activity/
Systematic review with meta-analysis: encapsulated faecal microbiota transplantation – evidence for clinical efficacy - PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8414624/
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Faecal Microbiota Transplantation [FMT] in the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Pouchitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis - PubMed, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37450947/
Fecal Microbiota Transplant National Registry - ClinicalTrials.gov, https://cdn.clinicaltrials.gov/large-docs/55/NCT03325855/Prot_000.pdf
How your diet shapes your gut microbiome and impacts your health - News-Medical.Net, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240716/How-your-diet-shapes-your-gut-microbiome-and-impacts-your-health.aspx
Landmark human study is first to reveal strong links between gut microbes, diet and health. Diets rich in certain plant-based foods are linked with the presence of gut microbes that are associated with a lower risk of developing conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease : r/science - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/kvap73/landmark_human_study_is_first_to_reveal_strong/
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